Ovarian Cystadenoma Causes, Types & Treatment

Ovarian cystadenomas are benign (non-cancerous) tumours that develop from the surface cells of the ovary. Unlike functional ovarian cysts that often resolve on their own, these growths may continue to enlarge and sometimes become quite large. Depending on their size and location, they can cause pelvic pain, abdominal bloating, or pressure on nearby organs, while smaller cystadenomas may not cause any symptoms.

Although the exact ovarian cystadenoma causes are not fully understood, early diagnosis is important to distinguish them from other ovarian masses. Most ovarian cystadenomas are benign, but medical evaluation, imaging, and appropriate treatment help prevent complications and ensure the best possible outcomes. This article explains the types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and possible effects on fertility and pregnancy.

What is an Ovarian Cystadenoma?

An ovarian cystadenoma is a benign epithelial ovarian tumour that develops from the ovary's outer surface. Unlike a simple ovarian cyst, which is often related to the menstrual cycle, a cystadenoma is a true tumour that may continue growing over time.

Most cases occur during the reproductive years, although they can also develop in women approaching or after menopause. Fortunately, the majority are non-cancerous.

Types of Ovarian Cystadenoma

Serous Cystadenoma

Serous cystadenomas contain clear fluid and tend to be smaller than other types of cystadenomas. Most of the time, the serous cystadenomas are benign and are found during pelvic scans.

Mucinous Cystadenoma

The mucinous cystadenomas have thick fluid inside them and can grow up to a considerable size. The exact mucinous cystadenoma ovary causes are not clear, but it is believed that the tumours are caused by the growth of ovarian surface cells.

Borderline Ovarian Tumours

Borderline ovarian tumours differ from benign cystadenomas because they show abnormal cell growth but are not invasive ovarian cancers. They require specialist assessment and appropriate treatment

Type	Fluid Content	Typical Size	Cancer Risk
Serous	Thin, watery	Usually smaller	Low
Mucinous	Thick, mucus-like	Often large	Usually low
Borderline	Variable	Variable	Higher than benign tumours

Ovarian Cystadenoma Causes

The exact ovarian cystadenoma causes remain unclear, and no single factor has been shown to directly cause every case. The possible causes are:

● Overgrowth of ovarian surface epithelial cells

● Hormones

● Age

● Previous ovarian cysts

● Family history of ovarian tumors

● Slight genetic causes

Likewise, the true causes of mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary have not yet been clearly determined.

Risk Factors

Some of the following factors can be associated with a higher risk of developing ovarian cystadenomas; these are:

● Reproductive age

● Perimenopause

● Hormones

● Previous ovarian cysts

● Family history of ovarian tumors

● Rare hereditary conditions

Having these risk factors does not necessarily mean a cystadenoma will develop.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cystadenoma

Many small cystadenomas cause no symptoms and are found incidentally during pelvic examinations or ultrasounds. Larger cysts may cause:

● Pelvic pain

● Lower abdominal discomfort

● Feeling of fullness or bloating

● Increasing abdominal size

● Pain during intercourse

● Frequent urination

● Constipation

● Occasional menstrual changes

Symptoms often depend on the size of the cyst rather than its type.

Can an Ovarian Cystadenoma Become Cancerous?

Most ovarian cystadenomas are benign and do not become cancerous. Borderline ovarian tumours and malignant ovarian cancers are separate conditions. Ultrasound, additional imaging, and surgical pathology help distinguish between these conditions. Complex or rapidly enlarging ovarian masses should always be evaluated by a specialist.

Treatment for Ovarian Cystadenoma

Treatment depends on the cyst's size, symptoms, imaging findings, age, fertility goals, and whether cancer is suspected.

Observation

Small, simple cystadenomas that do not cause symptoms may be monitored with regular follow-up examinations and ultrasound scans.

Surgical Treatment

Larger or symptomatic cysts usually require surgery. Treatment options include:

● Laparoscopic cyst removal

● Open surgery for very large or complex masses

● Ovarian cystectomy to preserve the ovary

● Oophorectomy if removal of the affected ovary is necessary

Your gynaecologist will recommend the most appropriate treatment based on your individual circumstances.

Can Ovarian Cystadenoma Affect Fertility or Pregnancy?

Many women with ovarian cystadenomas conceive naturally and have healthy pregnancies. However, large cysts may require treatment before conception or fertility treatment. During pregnancy, management depends on the cyst's size, symptoms, and ultrasound findings. Whenever possible, fertility-preserving surgery is considered for women who wish to have children in the future.

When Should You See a Doctor?

Seek medical attention if you experience:

● Persistent pelvic pain

● Rapid abdominal swelling

● Sudden severe pelvic pain

● Fever with pelvic pain

● Pain accompanied by vomiting

● Persistent bloating

● Difficulty passing urine or stool

● An ovarian mass after menopause

Book an online appointment with Dr. Aparnaa Panda for Pregnancy & Gynecology related issues

How Cloudnine Supports Women's Gynaecological Care?

Ovarian cysts don't always need surgery, but they always need a proper look. At Cloudnine, our gynaecologists start with a detailed ultrasound to understand exactly what type of cyst you're dealing with, then build a plan around it. Some cysts just need watching over a few cycles. Others call for minimally invasive surgery. Either way, the goal stays the same: get an accurate answer, protect fertility, and avoid unnecessary intervention.

Conclusion

Ovarian cystadenomas are common benign ovarian tumours that can often be managed successfully with regular monitoring or surgery when needed. Although they are usually non-cancerous, timely medical evaluation is important to confirm the diagnosis, relieve symptoms, and prevent complications. Early consultation with a gynaecologist ensures appropriate treatment and peace of mind.

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