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Vaginal Septum: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

July 14, 2025

Vaginal health is an important aspect of a woman's overall health, and in some cases, conditions present at birth may go undetected until adolescence or adulthood. The vaginal septum is one such condition, a congenital defect that can affect menstrual health, sexual health, and reproductive capability. Even though it is frequently misinterpreted or left undiagnosed for decades, detection and treatment of a vaginal septum can greatly enhance quality of life.

This article provides a full analysis of the condition, including what a vaginal septum is, the various types, signs of vaginal septum, and causes, and the range of treatments available. By promoting awareness, we can encourage more women to go in search of answers and proper treatment.

What is a Vaginal Septum?

Vaginal septum is an abnormal tissue partition that separates the vaginal canal and occurs during fetal development. This additional tissue can either travel lengthwise down the vagina or transversely across the vagina, resulting in two primary forms: longitudinal vaginal septum (also referred to as vertical vaginal septum) and transverse vaginal septum.

This occurs due to failure in the fusion or resorption of the Müllerian ducts in embryogenesis. In other words, as the female reproductive system is being developed in the womb, something can go wrong and a septum or wall of tissue develops within the vagina. In most instances, it's linked with other congenital anomalies such as uterine malformations.

When this tissue causes an obstruction in the vaginal canal, it can present symptoms, and in some cases, the term vaginal blockage means that menstrual flow is obstructed or sexual activity is painful.

Also Read: Vaginal Gas: Cause and When to See the Doctor

Types of Vaginal Septum

1. Longitudinal Vaginal Septum

A longitudinal vaginal septum, also known as vertical vaginal septum, is a linear extension of tissue along the length of the vagina and may partially or completely subdivide the canal into two spaces. It can be thin or thick and of varying length. It is sometimes found on the first attempt at inserting a tampon or during intercourse because it can be painful or cause bleeding.

In other instances, it might not produce symptoms at all and remain undetected unless it is detected during a pelvic exam or childbirth.

Vertical vaginal septum is also found to be related to uterine abnormalities like uterus didelphys—a condition where the female has two individual cavities in the uterus. Diagnosis is necessary to determine proper treatment and prevent reproductive complications.

2. Transverse Vaginal Septum

A transverse vaginal septum is a tissue wall running horizontally across the vaginal canal, either partially or entirely. It tends to generate more severe symptoms because it can prevent menstrual blood from flowing out of the body, resulting in pain and swelling in the lower abdomen.

This is an evident scenario in which vaginal blockage results in menstrual flow being trapped, in turn causing conditions such as retrograde menstrual flow, which further causes endometriosis.

Causes of Vaginal Septum

The causes of vaginal septum are congenital, i.e., present at birth. It occurs due to a development flaw during the union of the two Müllerian ducts, which develop the uterus, fallopian tubes, and the upper two-thirds of the vagina. A septum can occur if the ducts do not unite or the tissue between them is not fully resorbed.

Some females with this condition might also have other reproductive abnormalities. Although not always genetic, a family history of Müllerian abnormalities will still contribute slightly. It's also worth mentioning that related uterine abnormalities may cause conditions such as retrograde menstrual flow, which can induce symptoms of retrograde menstruation.

Also Read: Menstrual Problems: Types and Causes

Symptoms of Vaginal Septum

Early detection of symptoms can result in early diagnosis and treatment. Some of the common signs are:

● Painful Sex (Dyspareunia): Particularly in those with a thick or total septum.

● Tampon Insertion Difficulty: One of the earliest to be observed during adolescence.

● Menstrual Flow Problems: Obstruction may cause irregular or nonexistent periods. In other instances, blood in the menstruation becomes entrapped, and retrograde menstrual flow occurs.

● Vaginal Blockage or Obstruction: This is what vaginal blockage means—a physical hindrance which stops the normal function of the vagina.

● Reproductive Complications: These may be conception difficulty, miscarriage, or labour complications, particularly with undiagnosed vertical vaginal septum.

If left untreated, these symptoms can significantly impact physical comfort and emotional well-being.

Living With a Vaginal Septum

Living with a vaginal septum may be emotionally and physically difficult, particularly if it is undiagnosed for years. It may impact self-esteem, sexual relations, and family planning.

Adolescents can be challenged by tampon use or other period pain, but adult women might experience unintended complications during intercourse or pregnancy. The good news is that surgical repair, once diagnosed, is usually easy and effective.

Early diagnosis prevents complications such as chronic pelvic pain, retrograde menstruation symptoms, or infertility. Open dialogue with healthcare professionals and routine gynaecological exams are crucial.

When to See a Doctor?

Visit a gynaecologist if you have any of the following:

● Painful intercourse

● Issues with tampon use

● Uncorrectable menstrual abnormalities

● Trouble getting pregnant

An examination by physical testing, ultrasound, and MRI can diagnose the presence and kind of vaginal septum. The sooner you are diagnosed, the easier it will be to treat it.

Cloudnine: Leading the Way in Women’s Health

Cloudnine understands that every woman’s health journey is unique and evolves through multiple stages of life—from adolescence and menstrual health to pregnancy, and beyond. With a deep commitment to supporting women at every step, Cloudnine provides compassionate, comprehensive, and expert care tailored to individual needs.

What truly sets Cloudnine apart is its exceptional team of highly qualified obstetric and gynaecological specialists (OBGYNs) who bring decades of clinical expertise to every consultation. Using cutting-edge diagnostic tools, they accurately identify rare conditions like vertical or longitudinal vaginal septum and offer minimally invasive, safe treatments with high success rates.

Cloudnine’s approach goes beyond medical care, offering emotional support, lifestyle counselling, and continuous patient education to empower women throughout their health journeys. Cloudnine has become a trusted choice for women across India. Here, every woman is treated with the respect, empathy, and clinical precision she deserves.

Book an online appointment with Dr. Sunita Sharma for Pregnancy & Gynecology related issues.

Conclusion

Knowing the various forms, longitudinal vaginal septum and vertical vaginal septum—and what vaginal blockage entails aids in early detection and treatment. Although the condition is present at birth, most women are not aware of it until puberty or adulthood, when symptoms begin to surface.

With early diagnosis and treatment, together with supportive care, women are able to beat both the physical and mental ills associated with this condition. If you've noticed any unusual symptoms or complications, don't wait; consult a healthcare provider immediately.

Control your vaginal health today, schedule your consultation with Cloudnine's qualified gynaecologists and receive the individualised care you are looking for.

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FAQ

Why does vaginal blockage occur?

Vaginal blockage may occur due to conditions present at birth such as vaginal septum, or scars from trauma or surgery, or other anatomical defects.

Why does a vaginal septum form?

It is due to the abnormal fusion or resorption of the Müllerian ducts during fetal development, resulting in the development of abnormal tissue within the vaginal canal.

Can a vaginal septum cause painful intercourse?

Yes, particularly if the septum is complete or thick, it can make penetration tender or impossible.

Is a vaginal septum a serious condition?

Though not dangerous to life, it can impact menstruation, sexual function, and fertility. Early diagnosis is paramount in avoiding complications.

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