Bleeding is never normal but relatively common in pregnancy, especially during the first trimester. Most pregnancies can encounter it and it is mostly harmless. Most often, it causes no trouble to the patient and the fetus. Bleeding in subsequent trimesters can be a cause for concern. In some cases, it can be a sign of something more complicated, so it is essential to know the root cause of it. When you see spotting or bleeding, it is best to consult your doctor to ensure that you and your baby are healthy.
Implantation bleeding: One of the commonest reasons is implantation bleeding usually within the first 12 days after conception. This is harmless and mostly requires just bed rest.
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Stress: Physical or mental stress is another common reason which can cause bleeding and should be avoided in all trimesters. Anything unusual, especially travel and infections increase the possibility of bleeding during pregnancy.
Miscarriage: This is the biggest cause for concern during the first trimester. If strong cramps accompany bleeding, it can lead to miscarriage. It is recommended that you visit your doctor immediately if you have such symptoms. Hormonal supplements and bed rest are the first line of treatment.
Ectopic pregnancy: The embryo is implanted out of the uterus but the pregnancy changes in the endometrium can cause spotting or bleeding. When the embryo continues to grow, the fallopian tubes can rupture and be potentially dangerous to the mother. It cannot continue forward. It must be managed either medically or surgically depending on the symptoms.
Molar pregnancy/Hydatidiform mole: It is one of the rare complications of pregnancy which is characterized by the abnormal growth of trophoblasts (the cells that normally develop into the placenta). One of the symptoms is dark-coloured bleeding. It doesn't grow into a healthy pregnancy and hence requires surgical management.
You should speak to your doctor immediately if you have any amount or kind of bleeding. Depending on the reason, you would be started on hormonal supplements. You would be recommended to avoid travel, exercise or strenuous work until the spotting or bleeding stops. An ultrasound may be recommended to assess the fetus and certain blood tests may be done as part of the evaluation.
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